| Solar panel | Solar panel are instruments that change sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic cells. They are an eco-friendly and alternative energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a device that captures sunlight to convert heat, usually used for hot water production or room heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or electricity generation. It is a sustainable and eco-friendly technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural traditions, famous sights, and vibrant cities like the capital. It boasts a mixed landscape of rolling hills, old castles, and bustling urban centers that combine tradition with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the natural radiance emitted by the sun, essential for life on Earth as it provides energy for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a kind of energy generated by the motion of charged particles, primarily electrons. It powers innumerable systems and networks, enabling contemporary living and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a opposite electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, usually produced by cell packs, electrical sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and changes it into electric power to run various electronic gadgets. It includes one or more electrochemical cells, each containing anode and cathode interposed by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly power solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a instrument that changes DC created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use and grid connection. It plays a crucial role in maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring secure, reliable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips polarity periodically, usually used in domestic and commercial power supplies. It allows for optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It guarantees optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a device used to measure the extent, quantity, or level of something accurately. It includes tools like meters, thermometers, and pressure gauges that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement across the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are huge plants that harness sunlight to create electricity using numerous solar panels. They supply a green and eco-friendly energy power, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves placing photovoltaic solar panels on building rooftops to produce electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied solar power system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that collect sunlight and generate power. This power is then transmitted wirelessly to the planet's surface for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess energy generated from renewable sources or the grid for future use, enhancing energy independence and efficiency. These systems generally use batteries to offer backup power, cut down energy costs, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of solar panels tracks the advancement and advancements in solar energy tech from the initial invention of the photovoltaic effect to modern advanced photovoltaic modules. It highlights major breakthroughs, including the development of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have substantially improved energy conversion and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescent phenomena. His experiments laid the basis for understanding how light interacts with specific substances to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for finding out the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free platform used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an United States creator who created the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the foundation for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned R&D entity historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the birthplace of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and 14, famous for its crucial role in the manufacturing of electronics and solar modules. It is a tough, fragile solid substance with a bluish-gray metallic luster, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact unit installed on each solar panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach increases system efficiency, enables enhanced performance monitoring, and improves energy yield in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a device that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy process. It is frequently used in solar arrays to supply a green and sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that delivers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a fundamental particle that represents a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It plays a important role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which particular compounds convert sunlight straight into electricity through the creation of charge carriers. This effect is the fundamental concept behind solar panel systems, enabling the harnessing of solar sunlight for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where microprocessors are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its regular, orderly crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use thin semiconductor layers a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of building components and fixed equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as occupants, fixtures, and external influences. Both are important considerations in structural design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components end-to-end, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components between the same voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification represents the speed at which electricity flows by an electric circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Produced through multiple sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear, and green energy, and fundamental for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a measure of power in the metric system, representing the speed of energy movement or transformation. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric pressure difference between two points, which pushes the movement of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and shows the power per unit charge ready to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the base unit of electric potential, potential difference, and electromotive force in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per charge unit between points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor wire, usually measured in amps. It is necessary for powering electronic devices and allowing the functioning of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp represents the standard of electric current in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the flow of electric charge through a wire over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the level of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and capacity of power systems to guarantee secure and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical enclosure used to safely house wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a easy and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is frequently used for charging and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a unit that transforms DC from sources like batteries or solar panels into AC suitable for household appliances. It enables the application of common electrical appliances in settings where only direct current electricity is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is a collection of several individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically adjust the angle of solar modules to follow the solar trajectory throughout the day, optimizing solar energy capture. This technology boosts the effectiveness of solar energy collection by keeping best panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to optimize the energy production of solar panel setups by constantly tuning the performance point to align with the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure ensures the most efficient power harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by separately optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that observes and evaluates the effectiveness of solar panel systems in instantaneous, delivering important data on energy production and system health. It aids maximize solar energy generation by identifying faults ahead of time and securing optimal output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are commonly used in photovoltaic modules to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of numerous small silicon lattice structures, commonly used in photovoltaic panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and recrystallizing silicon to create a high-purity, polycrystalline form suitable for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a high-purity type of silicon with a uniform lattice arrangement, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronics. Its uniform framework allows for enhanced electron transfer, resulting in superior performance compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics are a category of thin-film solar system that provides a economical and high-performance alternative for large-scale solar energy generation. They are their excellent absorption capability and comparatively low manufacturing fees versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate photovoltaic devices that use a layered compound of Cu, In, Ga, and Se to transform sunlight into power effectively. They are known for their excellent light capturing effectiveness, bendability, and capability for portable, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous molecular configuration, making it more flexible and simpler to apply than crystalline silicon. It is frequently used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and versatile characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and innovative techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, lowering costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are innovative photovoltaic devices that employ multiple p-n junctions stacked together to capture a broader range of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. These are mainly applied in space applications and high-performance solar power installations due to their superior energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays serve as crucial elements that transform solar radiation into electric power to power onboard systems. Usually lightweight, durable, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of several elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metal, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and effectiveness in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or mirrors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This approach is perfect for massive solar power plants in areas with sunny sunlight, delivering a affordable solution for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and pliant form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CIGS compound as the photovoltaic material, known for superior performance and adaptability. They offer a easy-to-handle, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with great output in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a slender layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological applications. These films are essential in electronic devices, light manipulation, and films for their unique physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a sustainable and economical energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a sheet of compound covering tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in dimension, often placed on surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, optics, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to depict extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are high-precision measuring instruments used to precisely measure minute thicknesses or depths, generally in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a fine, round section of silicon crystal used as the platform for fabricating semiconductor devices. It functions as the core material in the manufacture of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact photovoltaic devices known for their excellent performance and adaptability, making them suitable for diverse applications. They employ a stratified layered semiconductor setup that turns sunlight immediately into power with outstanding effectiveness in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is noted for being economical and having a moderately high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into power using solar panels, supplying a sustainable energy source for residential, business, and utility-scale applications. They deliver a clean, long-lasting, and affordable way to cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduce carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that transforms sunlight into electricity using a light-reactive dye to capture light and generate electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and flexible alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the potential for cost-effective, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photovoltaic units that utilize carbon-based molecules, to transform sun's energy into electric power. They are lightweight, flexible, and offer the potential for more affordable, broad solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising photovoltaic compound used in thin-film solar modules due to its plentiful and non-toxic elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an desirable alternative for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, building exteriors, and fenestration. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with little distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to spread through, hiding detailed view but yet still permitting shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves placing a light film to the inside or outside of cars or structures panes to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It boosts privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and provides a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of PV power stations overview various large-scale solar energy plants around the planet, showcasing their power and positions. These stations function a vital role in sustainable energy production and global efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive installations that turn sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in clean energy production, cutting dependence on coal and oil, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of challenges such as waste, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, air currents, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly option to traditional fuels, decreasing environmental impact and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as lignite, crude oil, and natural gas, are finite resources formed over geological eras and are depleted when used. They are the main power sources for electrical energy and vehicle operation but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy sources such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and green energy into electrical power. This process usually takes place in power stations where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce power for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, poisonous elements such as plumbum, Hg, metallic cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency indicates how efficiently a solar cell generates sunlight into usable electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is key for optimizing renewable energy production and cutting reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This phenomenon provided critical proof for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to higher-than-normal stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar panels has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This development is transforming the global energy landscape by increasing the share of renewable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power plants designed to generate electricity on a commercial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover vast areas and utilize solar panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a see-through instrument that refracts light to bring together or separate rays, forming images. It is frequently used in instruments like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to control light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the perpendicular line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to cut down on glare and increase light flow. It improves the crispness and luminosity of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels cancel each other out, resulting in a diminution or total eradication of the combined wave. This phenomenon typically happens when these waves are out of phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that periodically reverses, commonly employed in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates in a sinusoidal pattern as time progresses, enabling efficient transmission across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a tiny entity used to transform DC from a individual solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It improves system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the module level and streamlines installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a network where the voltage level and electric flow regularly reverse direction, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. It is frequently used in homes and industries to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a type of electrical connector used to deliver DC energy from a power source to an electronic device. It generally consists of a cylindrical plug and receptacle that provide a firm and dependable link for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a global protection validation body that tests and certifies products to confirm they meet certain security standards. It assists consumers and companies find dependable and protected products through thorough evaluation and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical circuits in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this setup, the constant current passes through all parts, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, giving multiple routes for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate independently, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a solid-state device that allows current to pass in one sense only, serving as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12 volt, intended to supply electrical energy for multiple devices and attachments inside of a car. It allows users to charge electronic devices or run small devices when on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for linking devices to computing systems, facilitating information exchange and power delivery. It supports a variety of devices such as keypads, pointer devices, external storage devices, and mobile phones, with various revisions providing increased speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy production and making solar power more cost-effective and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It is committed to advancing developments in solar power, wind power, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic waves, ranging from radio waves to high-energy photons, featuring diverse lengths and power. This spectrum is crucial to many technologies and natural events, enabling communication, healthcare imaging, and comprehension of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the sun. It has a crucial role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on variations of a sole hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and connexion. This composition approach emphasizes simplicity and sophistication by maintaining steady color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per sq meter. It is a important parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a standard unit used to quantify the magnitude of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a specific area, frequently in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in comprehending the spread and transfer of radiation across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of diverse hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is frequently used to illustrate the spread of light or signal bandwidths in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large body of atmosphere with fairly uniform temperature and humidity characteristics, deriving from from particular origin areas. These air masses affect weather patterns and atmospheric conditions as they travel over various regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the intensity per unit area received from the Sun in the type of electromagnetic radiation. It changes with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, affecting weather patterns and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar energy refers to the accumulation of dust, and other particles on the surface of solar arrays, which reduces their efficiency. Routine maintenance and maintenance are important to reduce energy waste and maintain best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when there is no current, measured across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the highest electrical current that passes through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, going around the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the peak power output of a solar panel under optimal sunlight conditions. It shows the array's peak capacity to produce electricity in conventional testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to measure the voltage between two locations in a electronic circuit. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in solar modules where high voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage current and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a metalloid element necessary for plant growth and employed in different industrial uses, including glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It possesses special chemical properties that cause it valuable in manufacturing long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic modules to create renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined method of using land for both solar energy output and agriculture, making the most of space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are photovoltaic devices able to absorb sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy output. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by taking advantage of albedo effect and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a structure that provides shade while creating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a group of several solar panels configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in renewable energy systems to generate environmentally friendly, renewable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that delivers shade and shelter from the elements for al fresco areas. It improves the functionality and visual charm of a courtyard, making it a pleasant zone for rest and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of celestial entities in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line connecting an observer to a target object. It is often used in navigation, land measurement, and celestial observation to define the bearing of an object relative to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential muscle strains pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic material commonly employed in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates superb optical properties, making it a common choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in advancing solar energy integration and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a measure of power equal to one billion W, used to measure massive energy output and usage. It is commonly associated with generating stations, national grids, and large-scale energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a international leader in photovoltaic (PV) power solutions, expert in producing thin film-based solar panels that provide excellent efficiency and low-cost power generation. The firm is focused on green renewable energy advancement and reducing the world dependency on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in seamlessly linking various parts of factory and automation systems to improve performance and dependability. It focuses on developing advanced solutions that enable efficient communication and interoperability among different tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a prominent China's company expert in producing and developing photovoltaic solar goods and services. Famous for state-of-the-art tech and green energy projects within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to one billion W, often used to represent the potential of massively scaled power generation or usage. It emphasizes the vast energy extent involved in modern energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the effect where the production cost decreases as overall production grows, due to learning curve and efficiencies obtained over time. This concept highlights the value of stored knowledge in lowering costs and improving productivity in production and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This technology is a clean, renewable energy source that helps cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of creating solar or wind energy becomes the same as or lower than the cost of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity means that sustainable energy technologies are cost-effectively competitive with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the primary electrical power supplied to houses and enterprises through a grid of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is transmitted through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is vital for ensuring the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is harnessed from the sun's rays using PV panels to produce electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It represents a sustainable, renewable, and eco-conscious source of power that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in home, business, and factory settings to create green, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering renewable energy solutions where traditional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar energy items features a variety of tools that utilize sunlight to produce energy, supporting environmentally friendly and sustainable living. These items include everything from solar energy units and lights to household devices and outdoor equipment, providing multi-purpose options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a installation that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that supports lowering reliance on non-renewable energy and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize lenses plus reflectors focusing sunlight onto highly efficient photovoltaic cells, greatly boosting energy capture from a compact footprint. This method is particularly effective where direct, strong sunlight and provides an innovative way to cut solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
