| Solar panel | Solar panel act as components that change sunlight into electricity using PV cells. These are an green and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a apparatus that collects sunlight to generate heat, usually used for hot water production or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating systems, indoor heating, or electricity generation. It is a green and eco-friendly technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural heritage, iconic landmarks, and lively cities like the capital. It boasts a diverse scenery of gentle slopes, old castles, and busy metropolitan areas that combine heritage with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the environmental light emitted by the sun, vital for living organisms on Earth as it supplies fuel for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a kind of energy generated by the motion of charged particles, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels innumerable devices and networks, enabling modern life and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a reversed electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction flow of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it necessary for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a device that accumulates chemical energy and changes it into electric power to power various electronic gadgets. It includes one or more electrochemical cells, each comprising positive and negative electrodes interposed by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a instrument that changes DC created by solar panels into AC appropriate for domestic use and utility connection. It is vital for enhancing energy performance and guaranteeing safe, reliable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips polarity cyclically, typically used in residential and commercial power supplies. It permits effective transmission of electricity over great lengths and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that regulates the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and harm. It provides efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a instrument used to ascertain the size, amount, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, temperature sensors, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that instantaneously the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are huge facilities that capture sunlight to produce electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They offer a green and renewable energy resource, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and reducing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves installing photovoltaic cells on building rooftops to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar arrays that collect sunlight and generate power. This energy is then sent wirelessly to the planet's surface for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess electricity generated from green sources or the grid for future use, improving energy independence and efficiency. These solutions generally use batteries to offer backup power, reduce energy costs, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar cells chronicles the advancement and innovations in photovoltaic technology from the early finding of the solar effect to modern high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It features major innovations, including the creation of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have greatly boosted power conversion and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French scientist famous for his pioneering work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescence. His tests laid the groundwork for grasping how light interacts with certain substances to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source framework used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an American creator who developed the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the foundation for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-burning power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductor. His work formed the basis of modern photovoltaic technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a prestigious R&D organization historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the origin of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and 14, widely known for its essential role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar panels. It is a hard, fragile crystalline substance with a blue-grey sheen, primarily used as a electronic component in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact component installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This approach enhances system effectiveness, allows for better performance monitoring, and increases power output in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a unit that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy process. It is commonly used in photovoltaic systems to supply a renewable and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a elementary particle representing a quantum of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It plays a important role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the process by which specific substances transform sunlight straight into electricity through the creation of electron-hole pairs. This event is the fundamental concept behind solar panel systems, facilitating the capturing of solar sunlight for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a slim slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where microprocessors are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a more affordable price. They use strata of semiconductor substances just several micrometers in thickness to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and stationary equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as users, furniture, and external influences. Both are critical considerations in engineering design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components in a line, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the identical voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification is the speed at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electric circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Produced through diverse origins such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and renewable energy, and is essential for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a unit of energy conversion in the International System of Units, representing the measure of energy flow or transformation. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which drives the stream of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and shows the power per individual charge accessible to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the standard unit of electric potential, voltage difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between two points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor wire, typically measured in amperes. It is essential for supplying electronic gadgets and facilitating the working of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the unit of electric flow in the SI units, represented by A. It indicates the flow of electric charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the amount of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the design and size of power systems to ensure secure and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical housing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a secure and dependable manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a simple and standardized method of providing electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is commonly used for powering and energizing a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a unit that transforms DC from sources like batteries or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic gadgets. It enables the operation of regular electrical equipment in settings where only DC energy is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as an collection of multiple individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the angle of solar panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the day, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation improves the efficiency of photovoltaic energy harvesting by keeping ideal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the power generation of solar energy systems by continuously adjusting the operating point to align with the optimal power point of the solar panels. This process guarantees the most efficient power harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that tracks and evaluates the effectiveness of solar panel systems in instantaneous, providing important data on energy production and system health. It assists optimize solar power generation by identifying issues promptly and securing maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are commonly used in photovoltaic modules to supply energy to homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of numerous tiny silicon crystal structures, commonly used in solar modules and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves melting and restructuring silicon to form a pure, polycrystalline structure appropriate for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a continuous crystal framework, making it highly efficient for use in photovoltaic modules and electronics. Its consistent structure allows for improved electron transfer, resulting in higher efficiency compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a category of film solar system that offers a affordable and high-performance alternative for massive solar energy production. They are their great absorption performance and moderately low manufacturing fees compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are flexible photovoltaic devices that employ a layered material of copper, In, gallium, and Se to turn sunlight into energy effectively. They are known for their high absorption performance, flexibility, and potential for compact, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a non-ordered molecular structure, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than ordered silicon. It is frequently used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its economic advantage and adaptable properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic panels aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are advanced photovoltaic devices that employ various p-n connections stacked in unison to absorb a wider range of the solar spectrum, greatly increasing their efficiency. They are mainly used in space missions and advanced solar power systems due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are vital components that generate solar radiation into electricity to supply onboard equipment. They are typically lightweight, durable, and crafted to function effectively in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metal, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor famous for its great electron mobility and effectiveness in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize focusing elements or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto highly efficient multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This technology is ideal for large-scale solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, providing a cost-effective option for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and flexible form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a delicate coating of CuInGaSe2 as the solar semiconductor, known for superior performance and flexibility. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a very thin layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in various technological uses. These coatings are vital in electronics, optics, and coatings for their special physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a sheet of material ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers in depth, often placed on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronics industry, light manipulation, and medical applications, to alter surface properties or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are accurate devices used to exactly measure minute thicknesses or thicknesses, generally in manufacturing and manufacturing. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a fine, disk-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the foundation for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It functions as the basic material in the fabrication of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are thin-film solar modules recognized for their high efficiency and flexibility, ideal for various uses. They employ a layered semiconductor structure that turns sunlight immediately into power with remarkable effectiveness in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is recognized for being cost-effective and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into power using PV cells, providing a green energy source for household, industrial, and utility-scale applications. They deliver a clean, sustainable, and cost-effective way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that transforms sunlight into electricity using a light-reactive dye to capture light and produce electron flow. It offers a affordable and flexible alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for see-through and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for cost-effective, bendable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that employ organic materials, to transform sunlight into electric power. They are compact, pliable, and offer the potential for cost-effective, extensive solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising photovoltaic compound used in laminate solar cells due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its favorable photo-electronic properties make it an appealing substitute for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, building exteriors, and windows. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy performance while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material with little distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to scatter through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves placing a light film to the interior or exterior of automobiles or edifices glazing to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations details various large-scale solar energy facilities around the globe, demonstrating their power and locations. These facilities function a crucial role in renewable energy generation and worldwide efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale facilities that convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They play a vital role in sustainable power creation, reducing reliance on coal and oil, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as contamination, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are renewably sourced, such as sunlight, wind, and hydropower. It offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, reducing ecological footprint and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as bituminous coal, petroleum, and methane, are finite resources formed over geological eras and are depleted when used. They are the main energy sources for electrical energy and mobility but pose environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various power sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and sustainable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, toxic elements such as lead, Hg, metallic cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness measures how effectively a photovoltaic device converts sunlight into usable electrical energy. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is key for increasing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This occurrence provided key evidence for the development of quantum physics by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to speedily determine their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has quickened rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This expansion is transforming the global energy landscape by boosting the portion of renewable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities built to generate electricity on a industrial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a see-through device that refracts light to focus or diverge rays, forming images. It is often used in instruments like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the measure between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a coating applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and increase light flow. It enhances the clarity and illumination of lenses by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitudes negate each other, resulting in a decrease or total eradication of the resultant wave. This phenomenon typically happens when the waveforms are phase-shifted by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes polarity, mainly utilized in power supply systems. Its voltage varies following a sine wave as time progresses, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a compact component used to transform DC from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for domestic use. It enhances system performance by maximizing energy production at the panel level and simplifies setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or alternating current power, is electrical energy delivered through a setup where the potential difference and electric flow regularly reverse orientation, enabling optimized transmission over vast spans. It is frequently used in residences and industries to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical coupling used to supply direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a cylindrical plug and socket that guarantee a firm and dependable connection for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a global protection certification agency that tests and endorses products to confirm they comply with particular protection standards. It helps consumers and businesses recognize reliable and secure products through rigorous review and examination procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic circuits in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this arrangement, the identical current passes through all parts, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate autonomously, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a electronic device that allows current to flow in a single way exclusively, serving as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12-volt, designed to deliver electrical power for multiple devices and add-ons inside a automobile. It enables users to power electronic devices or run small electronics during on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting devices to PCs, allowing data transfer and power delivery. It accommodates a broad spectrum of devices such as keyboards, mouses, external storage, and cell phones, with different versions offering increased speeds and enhanced functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is essential to maximizing energy output and making solar power affordable and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on breakthroughs in solar, wind power, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic waves, spanning from wireless signals to gamma rays, featuring diverse wavelengths and power. This spectrum is crucial to many technologies and natural phenomena, allowing communication, medical imaging, and insight into the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It has a important role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on variations of a sole hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and accord. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and grace by maintaining steady color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per square meter. It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the strength of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a measurement unit used to calculate the intensity of power or power received or emitted over a specific area, often in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the distribution and transfer of energy across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of various tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is commonly used to describe the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a big mass of air with fairly even thermal and humidity characteristics, originating from particular source areas. These airmass affect weather systems and atmospheric situations as they move across various regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the quantification of the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It fluctuates with solar cycles and Earth's atmospheric conditions, impacting climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the accumulation of dirt, and foreign matter on the exterior of solar panels, which reduces their performance. Regular cleaning and maintenance are essential to reduce energy waste and ensure optimal operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when current flow is absent, measured across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the highest electrical current that passes through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, bypassing the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the highest power output of a solar panel under perfect sunlight conditions. It indicates the module's peak potential to generate electricity in conventional testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an measuring tool used to determine the electrical potential between separate points in a circuit. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to verify proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to current leakage and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic element crucial for plant development and applied in different industrial applications, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits special chemical traits that cause it useful in producing robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a stable and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using large groups of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It offers an environmentally friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated approach of employing land for both solar energy output and agriculture, making the most of space and resources. This strategy boosts crop production while concurrently producing renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar panels designed to harvest sunlight using both surfaces, enhancing overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that improves effectiveness by utilizing albedo reflection and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a structure that provides cover while producing electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a collection of numerous solar modules configured to create electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to produce clean, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a construction that offers shade and protection from the elements for outdoor living spaces. It improves the usability and aesthetic appeal of a courtyard, making it a pleasant space for relaxation and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference heading, typically true north, to the line connecting an surveyor to a point of interest. It is commonly used in navigation, mapping, and celestial observation to define the bearing of an target in relation to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential muscle strains pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance extensively utilized in thin film solar cells due to its excellent performance and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates superb optical characteristics, making it a common option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies are key in driving solar energy integration and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of electricity equal to a billion watt, used to quantify massive energy production and usage. It is typically associated with power plants, electricity networks, and significant energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a global leader in solar power solutions, focused on making thin-film solar panels that offer excellent efficiency and economical energy production. The company is dedicated to eco-friendly energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through advanced solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in effortlessly connecting various components of factory and automation systems to boost performance and reliability. It concentrates on building innovative solutions that facilitate seamless communication and compatibility among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an leading Chinese-based corporation expert in manufacturing and innovating solar photovoltaic items and systems. It is known for its advanced technology and sustainable energy initiatives in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often used to describe the capacity of massive power generation or consumption. It emphasizes the vast power magnitude involved in current power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the effect where the production cost drops as total output grows, due to learning curve and optimization obtained over time. This concept highlights the importance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and improving productivity in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy transform sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This system is a environmentally friendly, green energy source that aids reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of creating solar or wind energy becomes equal to or lower than the expense of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity means that renewable energy sources are cost-effectively comparable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the primary electrical power supplied to houses and enterprises through a system of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is transmitted through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is crucial for ensuring the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is harnessed from the sun's rays using solar cells to generate electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It is a green, eco-friendly, and eco-conscious power supply that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in home, corporate, and industrial sites to generate renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, offering renewable energy solutions where traditional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar energy goods features a range of gadgets that harness sunlight to convert energy, supporting environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These items include ranging from solar power banks and lights to appliances and outdoor equipment, offering multi-purpose alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a plant that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a green energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV use optical lenses plus mirrors focusing solar radiation on highly efficient photovoltaic cells, significantly increasing power output using less space. This approach works well in areas with intense, direct sunlight plus, it offers an innovative way to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
